PCOS: Understanding Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

What is PCOS?

PCOS, or Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, is a common health problem. It affects women of childbearing age. In PCOS, the ovaries may not work as they should. As a result, women may have irregular periods or extra male hormones. PCOS can also cause small cysts on the ovaries. However, not all women with PCOS have these cysts. According to the CDC, PCOS affects about 1 in 10 women. Because PCOS can impact health in many ways, early diagnosis is important.

Common Symptoms of PCOS

PCOS symptoms can vary from person to person. Still, some signs are more common. If you notice any of these, it may be time to talk to your doctor:

Irregular periods or missed periods

Heavy bleeding during periods

Excess hair growth on the face, chest, or back

Acne or oily skin

Thinning hair or hair loss on the scalp

Weight gain or trouble losing weight

Dark patches of skin, often on the neck or underarms

Difficulty getting pregnant

Because these symptoms can have other causes, it is important to get checked by a healthcare provider.

Causes and Risk Factors

Doctors do not know the exact cause of PCOS. However, several factors may play a role. For example, high levels of male hormones can stop the ovaries from working well. Insulin resistance is also common in women with PCOS. This means the body has trouble using insulin, which can lead to higher blood sugar. Genetics may also increase your risk. If your mother or sister has PCOS, you may be more likely to have it too. Obesity can make symptoms worse, but even women at a healthy weight can have PCOS.

How PCOS is Diagnosed

Doctors use several steps to diagnose PCOS. First, they ask about your symptoms and medical history. Next, they may do a physical exam. Blood tests can check hormone levels and rule out other problems. An ultrasound may be used to look at your ovaries. To be diagnosed with PCOS, you usually need to have at least two of these:

Irregular or missed periods

Signs of high male hormones (like extra hair growth or acne)

Cysts on the ovaries seen on an ultrasound

Because other conditions can look like PCOS, your doctor may do extra tests to be sure.

Treatment Options for PCOS

Treatment for PCOS depends on your symptoms and health goals. While there is no cure, many options can help manage symptoms. Your doctor may suggest:

Birth control pills to regulate periods and lower male hormones

Medicines to help with ovulation if you want to get pregnant

Medications like metformin to improve insulin resistance

Anti-androgen medicines to reduce hair growth and acne

Topical creams for unwanted hair

Because each person is different, your treatment plan may change over time. Always talk to your doctor before starting any new medicine.

Lifestyle Tips and Prevention

Healthy habits can make a big difference for women with PCOS. For instance, regular exercise can help control weight and lower insulin levels. Eating a balanced diet with whole grains, fruits, and vegetables is also helpful. Losing even a small amount of weight can improve symptoms. Managing stress is important too, as stress can affect hormones. While PCOS cannot always be prevented, these steps can help manage symptoms and lower risks.

Exercise most days of the week

Choose healthy foods and limit sugar

Get enough sleep each night

Find ways to relax, like yoga or deep breathing

When to See a Doctor

If you have symptoms of PCOS, it is important to see a healthcare provider. Early diagnosis can help prevent long-term problems like diabetes or heart disease. You should also see a doctor if you are trying to get pregnant and have trouble. Remember, many women with PCOS lead healthy lives with the right care. Do not wait to seek help if you have concerns.

Consult a healthcare specialist for personalized advice about PCOS.